Eating Disorders As A Female Disorder - 1770 Words

ABSTRACT Eating disorders are one of the most prevalent mental disorders in the United States. Although this disease is typically viewed as a female disorder, males are greatly affected and may go undiagnosed and untreated due to the attached stigma. Thus, it is important to understand the risk factors associated with the development of eating disorders in males. These risk factors include: athletic involvement, sexual orientation, pre-morbid obesity, and adverse childhood experiences. Eating disorder type and symptom presentation also varies between males and females. Males typically do not meet the criteria to be categorized as Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa, causing their condition to be classified as Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Symptom presentation is likely to include binge eating and excessive exercise rather than restrictive eating, purging, or other compensatory methods commonly seen in the female population. Several eating disorder assessments are available for use in clinical practice, most of which have been geared toward the female gender. New assessments, such as the Eating Disorder Assessment for Males, have been developed recently to try to hone in on the typical male symptomatology and their psychological processes. Prompt treatment of eating disorders, regardless of gender, is necessary to prevent the development of medical and psychological comorbidities. This process cannot begin until the diagnosis has been made; therefore, additionalShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders Among Female Athletes958 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Among Collegiate Female Student-Athletes Eating disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia) are not rare in today’s society. They have become increasingly common among young women. Research indicates that there is a link between the media’s representation of â€Å"the perfect body† as well as ideals of attractiveness with dissatisfaction of body image and eating disorders (Ferguson, Munoz, Garza, Galindo, 2013). In this current literature review, I will focus on the impact of eatingRead More Eating Disorders and Female Athletes Essay example2177 Words   |  9 PagesEating Disorders and Female Athletes What are eating disorders? Eating disorders are characterized by gross disturbances in eating behavior and include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorders not otherwise specified(NOS), and binge eating disorder. Also, several researchers have coined the term anorexia athletics. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain body weight over a minimum level considered normal for age and height, along with distorted body imageRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Eating Disorders Among Elite Female Athletes1773 Words   |  8 Pagesthink that elite female athletes, who need to be in near-perfect shape to compete, would be the last people to develop an eating disorder. Good afternoon Principal Mr Grimes, special guests, staff and students. My name is Marine Madsen and I am here today to present my Research Project: The Prevalence of Eating Disorders Amongst Elite Female Athletes. (CHANGE SLIDE) Today I will be addressing two questions. Firstly, what is the prevalence of eating disorders amongst elite female athletes and isRead MoreMen and Eating Disorders Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesMen and Eating Disorders About seven million women across the country suffer from eating disorders including anorexia nervosa and bulimia and, as a result most research involving these disorders have only been conducted on females. However, as many as a million men may also suffer from these same disorders. Women are not the only people prone to disliking what they see when they look into the mirror. Now a days more men are worried about their body shape. Clinical reports tell us that oneRead MoreInfluence of American Mass Media Ideals on Body Image and Eating Disorders in the U.S1243 Words   |  5 Pagesthe development of eating disorders? People living in countries influenced by Western culture show concern for their appearance or dietary habits daily. This paper will analyze the effect of mass media on the issues of body image and eating disorders in the United States. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR) (2000) eating disorders are characterized by a disturbance in eating behavior, which can be eating too much, eating too little, or simplyRead MoreSociology Essay: â€Å"How Far Would Sociologists Agree That the Media Causes Eating Disorders in Women?898 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the media causes eating disorders in women? In this essay I will discuss how far sociologists would agree that the media causes eating disorders in women. Eating disorders refer to a group of conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the damage of an individuals physical and emotional health. Eating disorders include: bulimia, anorexia and obesity. First Marxists would argue all young females in the west are exposedRead MoreEating Disorders in America Essay894 Words   |  4 Pageswhen the words eating disorders are said. Many people do not know what an eating disorder actually is and what actually happenes when you have an eating disorder or how to detect a eating disorder. There are many types of eating disorders but they all have one thing in common, phsycological disorders. The main types of eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, and Bindge eating but are not limited to these. The main focus in theses eating disorders are food. Many eating disorder patients haveRead More Eating Disorders in Males Essay examples1362 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders in Males Eating disorders are largely considered to be a female disease. Statistics seem to validate this perception – of the estimated five million-plus adults in the United States who have an eating disorder, only ten percent are thought to be male ((1)). Many professionals, however, hold the opinion that these numbers are incorrect – it is impossible to base the statistics on anything other than the number of adults diagnosed with eating disorders, and men are much lessRead MoreThe Effects Of Eating Disorders Among Adolescents1215 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood experiences are very influential in molding the perspectives regarding body image among individuals. Emotional invalidation coming from ones parents has been shown to be positively correlated with an increased rate of eating disorders among male and female adolescents. Research conducted by Shisslak et al. (1995) showed that among a sample of university students 91% of the women reported attempting to control their weight through a variety of dieting strategies. There are many factorsRead MoreEating Disorders Has Affected The Lives Of Many Athletes Around The World1546 Words   |  7 PagesEating disorders have affected the lives of many athletes around the world. Being scared of being overweight but rather caused by an addiction to food can result in the development of an eating disorder. There are several reasons as to why someone may have an eating disorder such as the sports they play or even the worldly view of how an ideal body is supposed to be. They have an effect on the person’s health and also on their social interactions with others. Many sports where the player’s weight

Influence Of Mass Media - 885 Words

Mass Media: Development and Literacy Alicia Nunez HUM/186 Media Influences on American Culture 8/21/2017 Allyson Wells Mass Media: Development and Literacy In the last century mass media has went from paper to digital, these major developments have influenced American culture in many ways. Newspapers have been around from the beginning they provide readers with information of practical value such as; television schedules, weather maps, and listings of stock prices. In addition newspapers provide a source of entertainment through their stories, comic strips and crossword puzzles. One of the most important functions of the newspaper is to provide citizens with information on government and politics. However new†¦show more content†¦People could find out what was happening in the world quickly after it happened and it was much faster than waiting for the newspapers to print a story. Between the 1940s and 2000s, commercial television had a profound and wide-ranging impact on American society and culture. It influenced the way that people think about such important social issues as race, gender, and class. It played an important role in the political process, particularly in shaping national election campaigns. TV programs and commercials have also been mentioned as major factors contributing to increased American materialism. Finally, television helped to spread American culture around the world (Televisions Impact on American Society and Culture - Dictionary definition of Televisions Impact on American Society and Culture | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary, n.d.). The digital era rapidly grew into the internet which gave the average person empowerment. Through the internet a person can promote themselves or opinions for the world to see. The computer and the internet are valuable and indispensable tools for society. The impact that these tools have had on our lives is immense and to this day it continues to grow. On a scholastic basis, the amount of information and data that one can obtain through the internet is immense. On the other hand, it is also important that we, as individuals, take responsibility for our actions. It has to be understood that at some point theShow MoreRelatedMedia Influence Mass Media795 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media and the Influence on America and Television By. Mozelle Jones HUMANITIES In real life, we are in Mass Media and we did not even know it. Everything from you learning to just leisure involvement. The cultural products that influence mass media and has taking part is Net Flix. It has made an impact on the movie business where television can be used to see movies and mass media. Television still has an impact on cultural meanings. It shows us the news, ads, and movies that changeRead MoreMass Media Influence818 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media Influence In the last 50 years the media influence has grown exponentially with the advance of technology, first there was the telegraph, then the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television and now the internet. We live in a society that depends on information and communication to keep moving in the right direction and do our daily activities like work, entertainment, health care, education, personal relationships, traveling and anything else that we have to do. A common personRead MoreMass Media and Its Influence1899 Words   |  8 PagesMass Media and Its Influence Spoken, written, or broadcast communication whose medium may include television, radio, advertising, movies, newspapers, magazines, books, cell phones and the Internet becomes a mass media that affects our societys perception of ourselves and others and influences the structures of our society as well as the reactions of the individual. Americans perceive the political, economic, class, educational, and other structures of American society because of, by, and throughRead MoreMedia s Influence On Mass Media Essay800 Words   |  4 PagesMedia learning influence Mass media plays a pivotal role in the learning process as it provides a general learning platform for everyone using the channel. Transmission of information through the mass media is effective due to the accessibility and the different forms that it is accessed. Print media Despite the presence of other advanced technologies, print media is still important learning media that offers a wide range of learning options. Learners can use print media materials such as booksRead MoreMass Media Influence on Society1476 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Media’s Influence on Society Over the last 500 years, the influence of mass media has grown exponentially with the advance of technology.  First there were books, then newspapers, magazines, photography, sound recordings, films, radio, television, the so-called New Media of the Internet, and now social media.   Today, just about everyone depends on information and communication to keep their lives moving through daily activities like workRead MoreThe Mass Media Influence On Society804 Words   |  4 PagesThe mass media greatly influence the behavior and thoughts of citizens and policymakers, and has a great impact on policy agenda. The mass media includes television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication. There are two kinds of media; print media, which includes newspapers and magazines, and electronic media, which includes television, radio, and the Internet. There are various positives and negatives of the media and its relation to the public and toRead MoreThe Influences Of Mass Media On Society864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Influences of Mass Media on Society For the greater majority of the American society, the presence of mass media is a normal part of everyday lives. With the purpose of mass media being to educate, entertain and inform, the excessive violence, self imaging, and lack of full detail on world events, is having negative influences and unhealthy impacts on society. As early as the 1920s, a form of the media has been present in the American society. Although broadcasted content wasRead MoreThe Role and Influence of Mass Media1154 Words   |  5 PagesTopic 5: The role and influence of mass media Since the development of technology, mass media becomes an important part of modern society. It influences all areas; therefore, it is raising a question among people about what are the role and influence of mass media. The term mass media refers to the channels of communication (media) that exist to reach a large public audience (the mass of the population). Mass media includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and more recently, the InternetRead MoreInfluence and Power of Mass Media1311 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of influence and power of mass media has become important among researchers of communication field since the moment it appeared. It is difficult to underestimate the potential and the role which mass media plays in people’s lives, still some of the researchers are concerned with relatively limited media’s control and impact on society. They claim that the content of a message is just one factor which defines the reaction of audiences; therefore, in order to decrease the chance of unexpectedRead MoreInfluence Of Mass Media Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesHow big of a role does mass media play on societies everyday lives? Communities often conform to one another a nd follow in the path of their peers. Media affects this by revealing new trends and showing a better way to perform at certain tasks. From the way consumers shop to the new style or fad going around media affects it all. Mass media especially affects the youth and teen because, their minds are much more vulnerable to what the see on TV, social media, and magazine. Media will even degrade women

Why We Study Torism and Hospitality at University Free Essays

With the considerable growth of hospitality and tourism industry and more governments recognizing the industry’s contribution to national and local economies, a number of academic institutions have expanded degree offerings and started specializing in these disciplines (Garside 1991). Study tourism and hospitality at University are essential not only for academic advances but also for developing practical applications. Wiley (1995) argues that the success of every hotel company is conditioned by the capability of its managers to coordinate the business with the changes that characterize the modern international environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Study Torism and Hospitality at University or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marketing is a required course for the University. Through study of the Marketing, the managers of hotel companies can strategically plan to direct the studing constantly searching and choosing ways to be competitive, to decide how to attract new tourists, how to keep the permanent tourists, how product to be more attractive from the competitors ones, how to position successfully on the competitive tourist market. So study Marketing at university is necessary for tourism and hospitality. Furthermore, Langbert (2002) also argues that Tourism in general and food service in particular contribute to a nation’s economic development in many ways, in addition to the immediately apparent prospects of creating jobs and boosting overall income. Food and Beverage is interesting course at University. Before go to hotel to practice, students have to pass the test about alcohol and food service. Through study the Food and Beverage, it will be improve the ability of practical, easier get job and adapt to working at hotel. So study this course at University is very important for students. In conclusion, some 6,000 new employees are needed every year to service the expanding hospitality and tourism industry, according to Failte Ireland, the national tourism development authority (Cohen, 2005). From this, it can be seen that Tourism and Hospitality personnel are in the world has been very scarce. Through study Tourism and Hospitality at University, it can be improve students quality, skills, adaptability, communication skills. Thus, students need to study Tourism and Hospitality at University and study it well. How to cite Why We Study Torism and Hospitality at University, Papers

LIDL and Leather Jackets

Question: Describe the detail of the importance of process design on the product or service and the overall aim and objectives of the product or service using process design. Answer: Introduction to the Lidl : The company is known for its supermarket chains and is based in the Neckarsulm, Baden-Wrttemberg, Germany The company operates almost 10,000 stores all across the Europe. The company was founded in the year 1930 by the German wholesaler of the Grocery (Muto, Kimita and Shimomura, 2015). Today Lidl is one of the largest chains of the retailers of the grocery in the Europe. Lidl is known for its top quality products, which are to be available to its customers at the lowest prices. Lidl operates its stores with the dedicated staff, which establish the success and development of the company. Lidl due to its product management has played a significant role in the exploration of the new products in the markets of Europe (Nol, 2010). LIDL and Leather Jackets: The report is about the introduction of the new leatherjackets in the market by the company Lidl Stiftung. In this report will discuss about the new launch of the leather jackets in the female section of the Lidl. The objective of the report is to discuss about the analysis of the market where the jacket is to be launched and also about the designing process of the jacket which attract the females and become the fashion icon in the market. The designing concept of the jackets will be discussed and the stages of designing the product and launching in the new market will also be discussed in the report. Leather Jackets: The Jackets are the fashion icon for the female section of the Lidl. In this case we will discuss about the process design of the female leather jackets in the new fashion range which the Lidl is to launch in the market. Looking at the factor of the operational aspect the jackets will very easy to handle and also will be as simple to carry. Detail of the importance of process design on the product or service: The process of designing a product is a significant task which directly affects the quality and the production of the product. In few researches it is concluded that most of the quality issues related to the product occurs is due to not an accurate designing of the product. The designing process accumulated the process of the designing, manufacturing and the quality of the product. Analysis of the market: Looking at the needs and the behaviour of the British shoppers buying the clothes from the supermarket is to be designed in such a way that it attracts the shoppers with its trendy look. The launch of the leather jackets is to be done with the high end promotion of the fashion. The product, process will highlight the unbeatable value of such a high quality jacket (Tsafarakis, Delias and Matsatsinis, 2013). Concept As the product manager of the LIdl, will focus on the looks of the jacket, and the arrangement of the jacket is to be comfortable and working and also to be cost effective. As the product manager will launch a new female fashion range which also includes the leather jacket with the cost of only 14.99 (Montelisciani, Gabelloni and Fantoni, 2015). In the past the Lidl has only sold the basic clothing, such as the vests, childrens clothing and underwear. It is the first time the company is to launch a new product in the range of the fashion which will help it to place a competition with the strong retailers of the clothing such as the Asda and the Primark. Hence, as the product manager, have to mainly focus on the quality, durability, looks and the cost of the product to compete in the market. The process design of the leather jackets design in such a way that it satisfies the needs of the customers which in turn is essential for the growth and the success of the organisation (Phillips and Phillips, 2010). The process design needs the customers requirement; hence focusing on the customer requirement Lidl will develop the two leather jackets, one jacket will focus on boucle fabric with the leather piping and with the sizes of 10-18. And the other jacket will be in the faux leather and will be well designed. The jackets will be designed on the base of ruff and tuff which can be used in any way (Thurston and Cawood, 2011). Synthesis: Focusing on such aspects of the process design with the launch of these jackets the sales of the company will grow up to 19.5pc every year The stocks of the jackets are to be stocked in the same way as the other food items stocks are sold in Lidl. Will launch an extra section of the jackets in the Lidl stores and will only be sold till the stocks lasts. This launch of the leather jackets with such the comfortable designs will be proved to be popular among the British shoppers. While designing the jackets as the product manager will focus on the durability of the jackets, hence will design such Jackets with the material boucle and faux which will not only increase the durability of the jackets but will also result in the satisfactory performance of the product. And will also function as the new trend in the market. The launch of the trendy women range leather jackets is the centre of attraction for the females and is also been taken seriously while campaigning the said product in the market. The overall aim and objectives of the product or service using process design The main aim and objective of the process design is to achieve the economic aspects and the performance of the product in the market. The other objective and aim of the product is to be accessible, cost effective, production, aesthetics, maintenance and performance (Clardy, 2013). The Jackets are to be such designed that fulfil the requirement of the comfort and also the easy handling of the jackets. Secondly the jackets are to be cost effective and hence will be launched with the starting price of 14.99. The product design will also focus on minimising the budget of the company. The jackets are to be produced in such a way that they are secure and safe for the person body texture and is to be freely used by the females. The feature of the jackets aims to provide the comfort zone to the ladies in their work also while wearing such jackets (Albiana and Vila, 2012). The process design also aims to less maintenance to be required by the product. Hence the process design of the Jackets of the Lidl Company guarantees the safety and the high quality, as for the company safety, health and peace of mind to the customers is of their primary concerns. The company runs on the motto On the Way to a Better Tomorrow. Hence, the objective of the process design is to ensure that the customers are made aware of the products that are responsibly sourced, so that the customers can make choices while shopping. Stages of product/service to illustrate your design concept The different stages of the product development help in creating a new product for the consumer which is to be sold by the enterprise. This task of developing an outstanding product is sometimes time consuming, difficult and is also costly. The production of the great product involves the hours of research, design studies, analysis, prototyping efforts, testing and finally launching the product with the perfect designing (Eben-Chaime, 2015). Marketing Before designing the product one has to analyse the market segment where the product is to be launched. As the product manager will also identify the lead users of the product and competitive products of the retailers such as the Primark and the Asda. Design: The jackets are to be designed after understanding the feasibility of the concepts of the products. Manufacturing: The manufacturing cost of the product is such that it access the production feasibility (Jeang, 2013). Product aesthetic aspect The product has to follow the product aesthetic aspects under which the final shape of the product is to be given. This aesthetic aspect of the product is not only required for the intended performance of the function, but also makes the product attractive and also generates possessiveness towards the product among the customer (Jones and Kim, 2016). Production Aspect: This aspect of the product will help to design the jackets in such a way that are cost effective and are to be produced by the available technology and the resources. In this aspect the manufacturing process, labour and the material requirements are to be considered. The dedicated team of quality assurance systematically monitors and check the quality of the jackets on offer. These independent quality checks help in improving the quality of the product and providing the best services to the customers (Kimita, Tateyama and Shimomura, 2012). The stages of the design concept also recognise the importance of the sustainability and forces to work together on the with the recognised schemes of the recognised labelling. This helps the Lidl to expand their own range of the products in their own brands such as the Fairglobe and the Fresh Meadow. These collections of the latest jackets are to be the new attempt of the supermarket to lure the shoppers who are bargain conscious and are also away from the bigger brands (Xi and Yuan, 2011). Stages of the product Design: In this process as the as the product manager will work with the designers and serve to launch the best product in the market. During the product design, firstly will focus on the designing the Leather Jackets, how the leathers jackets are to be designed that it makes the female comfortable in and every area of their work. In the second step will go for the screening of the jackets and will choose the material of the jackets that are the best suitable and are comfortable for the womens to wear. During the product designing will also keep in mind the cost of manufacturing and launching and the new jackets in the market. Then will finally create the design of the jackets and will test it on certain level of ruff and tuff and also at the comfort level. Finally the design will be approved and will launch the leather in the market under the female section of the Lidl. Analysis of the impact of performance objectives on the design: The design of the product jackets is further responsible for the success of the organisation as it is indirectly and directly makes an estimate of the main and the critical impacts of the organisational success (Aaron, 2009). The variation in the demand of the customer also results into the production of the different variety of the innovative products, new products and the quickly shifting of the fully featured one new product. At present the decision making of the customers for buying a product depends upon the number of the growing factors of the newer products. The decisions of the clients for the purchasing of the jackets will be mainly depend on the quality as well as the price of the product. Hence, for the product for achieving the market it has to be cost effective and hence the jackets are launched in the market with the lower prices. As the product manager, one has to focus on the Lidl the major grocers and here the fashion is represented only between 20% and 30%. As the product manager of the Lidl jacket product will be launched in the market with the consideration of the social account and also measuring the impact of the operation on the quality lives of the people. Performance Objectives: The new fashion range of the Lidl will focus in terms of the strategies and fashion proportions and will also be considerable in the coming years. The product so designed to have the presence of the competition in the fashion. Speed: The operations of these new products, jackets will also have the major effect on the supplier of the Lidl. This will benefit the supplier to prosper them. How effectively the suppliers are supplying the products. The better the product and its services will be designed the more will be its demand in the market. With the increased demand of the product in the market the whole business will grow and the in this process the shareholders will also be one of the major beneficiaries of the products. Quality: Quality will be the main focus of the jackets and hence will use the best faux leather material for the jackets. Cost: The lIdls latest efforts in this product range of the jackets will draw the attention of the new targeted customers and its expansion in the Britain which will help in increasing the revenue of the company (Yassine, 2007). The Lidl already had drawn the wider demographic by offering more luxuries foods and the freshly baked bread, but this new product of the fashion will add new heights to the business. Flexibility: The company may provide the newer items with the lowest prices, which may win the shoppers from the chain of the traditional supermarkets such as the Morrison and Tesco also from the Waitrose.The cultural situation, social and the economic conditions may have this classic jacket of leather as the sartorial icon which is to be reinvented constantly after every season by the large houses of fashion and also to be worn by the stars with the style (Yazdankhah and Fathalipourbonab, 2014). Dependability: This jacket as the wardrobe essential can help you to set you back the hundreds of pounds and the new product of the faux leather jackets can be considered as the solution to their budgets. References Aaron, B. (2009). Determining the business impact of knowledge management.Performance Improvement, 48(4), pp.35-45. Albiana, J. and Vila, C. (2012). A framework for concurrent material and process selection during conceptual product design stages.Materials Design, 41, pp.433-446. Clardy, A. (2013). A General Framework for Performance Management Systems: Structure, Design, and Analysis.Performance Improvement, 52(2), pp.5-15. Eben-Chaime, M. (2015). Using Process Design to Overcome Undesirable Consequences of Increased Product Complexity.Procedia CIRP, 36, pp.48-52. Jeang, A. (2013). Robust product design and process planning in using process capability analysis.J Intell Manuf, 26(3), pp.459-470. Jones, I. and Kim, K. (2016). Systematic Service Product Requirement Analysis with Online Customer Review Data.Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science, 19(2), pp.25-48. Kimita, K., Tateyama, T. and Shimomura, Y. (2012). Process Simulation Method for Product-Service Systems Design.Procedia CIRP, 3, pp.489-494. Montelisciani, G., Gabelloni, D. and Fantoni, G. (2015). Developing integrated sustainable product-process-service systems at the early product design stages.IJSM, 3(4), p.310. Muto, K., Kimita, K. and Shimomura, Y. (2015). A Guideline for Product-Service-Systems Design Process.Procedia CIRP, 30, pp.60-65. Nol, N. (2010). Establishing Strategic Objectives: Measurement and Testing in Product Quality and Design.Design Management Journal (Former Series), 11(4), pp.65-70. Phillips, J. and Phillips, P. (2010). The power of objectives: Moving beyond learning objectives.Performance Improvement, 49(6), pp.17-24. Thurston, P. and Cawood, G. (2011). The Product Advantage from Service Design.Design Management Review, 22(4), pp.70-75. Tsafarakis, S., Delias, P. and Matsatsinis, N. (2013). A Service-Oriented Approach for the Optimal Product/Service Design Business Process.International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector, 5(1), pp.68-81. Xi, W. and Yuan, X. (2011). Design Process Control and Knowledge Service of Complex Product.AMM, 135-136, pp.421-427. Yassine, A. (2007). Investigating product development process reliability and robustness using simulation.Journal of Engineering Design, 18(6), pp.545-561. Yazdankhah, A. and Fathalipourbonab, M. (2014). Optimizing New Product Concept Selection Decisions Considering Life Cycle Design Attributes.IJMO, 4(2), pp.146-151.